2023年高考英语语法知识清单+强化训练讲义 专题19名词八大类15个高频考点归纳（原卷版） 讲义目

2023年高考英语语法知识清单+强化训练讲义

专题19名词八大类15个高频考点归纳（原卷版）

讲义目录

考点清单一、名词单数变复数的用法P2

考点清单二、不可数名词的用法P4

考点清单三、抽象名词具体化用法P5

考点清单四、名词所有格的用法P6

考点清单五、动词/形容词变为名词归纳与训练P9

考点清单六、名词分类及句法功能P11

考点清单七、名词高频用法单句训练P14

考点清单八、名词高频用法语篇训练P17

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考点清单一、名词单数变复数的用法

要点精讲：可数名词单数变复数的场合

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【即时训练一】给出下列名词的复数形式

1.glassbusboxchurchbrush

2.breathpathoxmouthstomach

3.familyfactorycitycountrybaby

4.valleychimneymonkeyholidayboy

5.potatotomatoheroNegrovolcano

6.kilopianophotoradiokangaroo

7.knifeleafwolflifethief

8.gulfroofbeliefproofchef

9.toothgoosemouse

10.childmanwomanpolicemanFrenchman

11.RomanGermanhuman

12.phenomenonquizcrisisanalysisemphasis

13.grown-uppasser-bylooker-onstand-byeditor-in-chief

14.deersheepseriesfishspecies

15.worksmeansaircraftChineseJapanese

16.boyfriendgirlstudentmanteacherwomanscientist

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【即时训练二】请用下列单词的适当形式填空

17.Two_________(month)ago,three_________(hero)caughtfour_________(thief).Theymadethemplantsome_________(potato)and_________(tomato)intwo_________(zoo).Theyalsomadetheir________(wife)returnthefourbig_________(box)withsomeprecious_________(photo)and_________(brush)inthem.

18.On__________(teacher)Day,two_________(editor-in-chief),three________________(manteacher)andfive_________(womandoctor),togetherwiththeir_________(child),wenttothefarminthecountryside.Theretheywereluckytoseetwo_________(sheep),three_________(deer),four_________(ox),five_________(goose)andsixwhite_________(mouse)withthree_________(foot)andsix_________(tooth).

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【即时训练三】在空白处填括号内单词的正确形式。

19.Whentheoldmanwashitbythecar,all____________(passer-by)juststoodbybutonlyJackcametorescue.

20.Healthylivingisabouttakingresponsibilityforyour____________(decide)andchoicesfortodayandforthefuture.

21.Theseyears,girlsstarttoshowmoreinterestinthe____________(subject)ofscience,technology,engineeringandmaths(STEM),accordingtoastudyfromtheUK.

22.Andoutstandingorgiftedplayerswillalsohavethechancetojoininter-schoolteamsforregional____________(compete)andevennationalsummercamps.

23.Experienceshowedthathewasright.Good____________(friend)arejustnoteasilyformed.

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考点清单二、不可数名词的用法

要点精讲：不可数名词用法

常见不可数名词有fun/furniture,luggage,information,progress,advice/air,knowledge,news,equipment,work,homework,housework。这些名词取首字母可以妙记为flipaknew(飞来品，牛)。不可数名词没有复数形式，前边也不能有不定冠词a或an。这点在短文改错中频繁考查。

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【即时训练】单句改错

24.Heagreedtoreadingmystoryandgivemesomeadvicesonhowtowritelikearealwriter.

25.(2011全国I）Itfeltverystrangetotravelwithoutanyluggages.

26.(2015全国卷I)Theairswebreatheinisgettingdirtieranddirtier.

27.(2016四川)Momhasafull-timejob，soshehastodomostofthehouseworks.

28.(2017•全国Ⅱ)Besides,theyoftengetsomeusefulinformationsfromtheInternet.

29.(2016全国卷II)Ifwegoonatripabroad,wecanbroadenourviewandgainknowledgeswecannotgetfrombooks.

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考点清单三、抽象名词具体化用法

①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：

Yourcontributionwillcertainlymaketheeventahugesuccess.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。

②物质名词具体化

drink饮料→twodrinks两杯饮料　coffee咖啡→acoffee一杯咖啡　chalk粉笔→achalk一支粉笔　hair头发→ahair一根头发

③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：

Beingabletoaffordadrinkwouldbeacomfortinthosetoughtimes.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。

【即时训练】在空白处填入1个适当的单词。

30.--Howabout________Christmaseveningparty?---Ishouldsayitwas______success.

31.---Iamsosorrytohavecomelateforthemeeting.

---Itisnotyourfault.Withrush-hourtrafficandheavyrain,itisnowonderyouwerelate.

32.Myneighboraskedmetogofor______walk,butIdon’tthinkI’vegot______energy.

33.Hemissedgoldinthehighjump,butwillgetsecondchanceinthelongjump.

34.Beingabletoafford_______drinkwouldbe______comfortinthosetoughtimes.

考点清单四、名词所有格的用法

要点精讲1：名词所有格：表示人或有生命的名词常在词尾加'；s或’。

①表示两者各自所有关系时，分别在每个名词的词尾加’s；表示两者共有，在最后名词词尾加’s。如：

mysister'；stelephone姐姐的电话

Jones’room琼斯的房间

Nurses’Day护士节

Women’sday妇女节。

②表示店铺、办公室或某人家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。如：

atthebarber'；s在理发店

atmyuncle'；s在我叔家

HaveyouevermetTom'；sandJim'；sfathersbefore?汤姆父亲和吉姆父亲

③若一样东西为两人所有，只在后一个名词后加’s。

ThisisTomandJim'；sfather汤姆和吉姆的父亲。

2.of所有格

无生命的名词常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或定语修饰的有生命的名词用of所有格。

thewindowoftheroom房间的窗户

3.双重所有格

指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。

aplayofShakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)

afriendofmine(我的一个朋友)

【即时训练】请用下列单词的适当形式填空

35.Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It’safour____________(hour)walk.

36.---Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?---The____________(Palmer).

37.The____________(girl)shoeswerecoveredwithmud,soIaskedthemtotakethemoffbeforetheygotinto____________(Tom)car.

38.A________(student)collegeexperienceishisorherown,andthestudentmustputhisorhereducationfirst.

39.Owningalovable,cuddlypetcanunquestionablymakeone’shomelifebetterandapparently,itcanaffectpet_____________(owner)professionallivesaswell.

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考点清单五、动词/形容词变为名词归纳与训练

要点精讲1：动词转化为名词的后缀

要点精讲2：形容词转化为名词的后缀

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【即时训练】动词或形容词变名词100例

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1.accept

2.accommodate

3.accurate

4.acquaint

5.admit

6.abundant

7.anxious

8.appear

9.approve

10.allow

11.argue

12.arrive

13.assist

14.appoint

15.aware

16.beautiful

17.bore

18.choose

19.compare

20.compete

21.complain

22.consume

23.conclude

24.consequent

25.curious

26.decide

27.deep

28.depart

29.depend

30.describe

31.destroy

32.disturb

33.diverse

34.emergent

35.enter

36.enthusiastic

37.equal

38.except

39.expect

40.exist

41.expand

42.explain

43.explore

44.friendly

45.fluent

46.fly

47.found

48.frequent

49.generous

50.grow

51.honest

52.ignore

53.improve

54.injure

55.intend

56.introduce

57.invite

58.just

59.laugh

60.long

61.lose

62.major

63.mix

64.modest

65.necessary

66.occupy

67.operate

68.participate

69.permit

70.physics

71.piano

72.poor

73.possible

74.prefer

75.prepare

76.press

77.private

78.pronounce

79.publish

80.qualify

81.real

82.recognize

83.recover

84.refuse

85.relax

86.relieve

87.resist

88.respond

89.responsible

90.secure

91.significant

92.similar

93.starve

94.strong

95.survive

96.true

97.vary

98.warm

99.wise

100.young

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考点清单六、名词分类及句法功能

要点精讲1：名词分类

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要点精讲2：名词句法功能

1.作主语

Theyoungwomanplayedanimportantpartinthematter.那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。

HisgrandpajoinedtheRedArmyattheageoffifteen.他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。

2.作宾语

（1）作及物动词的直接宾语

Imetyourelderbrotherinthestreet。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。

HaveyoufinishedthelettertoJane?你写完给珍的信了吗？

（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。

Itoldmystudentsafunnystory.我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。

Sheaskedthedoctoranotherquestion.她问了医生另一个问题。

（3）作介词的宾语。

After20years’traveling,hesettleddowninLiangxiang.二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。

Doyoustillaskyourparentsformoney?你还向爸妈要钱吗？

3.作表语

It’sagoodideatoplanttreeshere.在这里栽些树是个好主意。

Sheisnowaprofessorwhileherhusbandremainsaworker.也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。

4.作宾语的补足语

TheyelectedTomheadoftheworkshop.他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）

TheoldmancalledmyuncleXiaoLi.老人喊我叔叔小李。

5.作定语

（1）直接作定语,通常用单数形式。

collegestudents大学生girlfriend女友vegetablegarden菜园basketballmatch篮球赛

Let’sstopbythebookstoreonthewayhome.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！

Heboughttheshoesinthatshoeshop.这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。

（2）名词所有格作定语。

students’books学生用书

China’scapital中国的首都

theworld’spopulation世界人口

（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语

man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。

Hesaidthattwowomendoctorswouldcometoourvillagethenextday.他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。

Therearemanymenteachersinourschool.我们学校有很多男教师。

（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语

某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。

armsproduction武器生产clothesshop服装商店salesdepartment营业部agoodstrain货车

savingsbank储蓄所foreignlanguagesdepartment外语系

（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。

LearningSkillscenter学习技巧交流中心TheBoysClub男孩俱乐部

（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。

apeasantfamily/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语)aworker’sfamily(worker习惯用所有格作定语)

（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。

womendrivers女司机thewoman’sdriver这位妇女的司机

girlfriend女朋友thegirl’sfriend这女孩的朋友

mothertongue母语mother’stongue母亲的舌头

（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性

goldwatch金表(指手表是含金的)goldenwatch金色的表(指表是金色的，但不一定含金)

6.作状语

时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。

Thesoldierswalked50kilometersatanight.战士们一夜行军五十公里

Yoursuitcaseweighs10kilograms.你的手提箱重10千克。

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【即时训练】请用下列单词的适当形式填空

40.Thisswitchhasdecreased　　　　　　　　(pollute)inthecountry'；smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.

41.WeChineseallhavean________(agree)todevelopscienceandtechnology.

42.Weshouldencourageourstudentstohave_________(confident)inthemselves.

43..Ihavetomakea__________(complain)aboutthepoorqualityoffoodandserviceinyourrestaurant.

44.Theoldmanwhohadacaraccidentlastweekmadeafull_________(recover)fromtheoperationinhospital.

45.Evenathirty-minuterunwillprovide________(relieve)fromachesortension.

46.Shewasunabletogivethepolicea__________(describe)oftheattackerbecauseshehadnomemoryofwhathadhappenedtoher.

47.Theworldneedsallkindsofcreatures---without________(vary),ourplanetcannotsurvive.

48.Afurnishedroomorhouseisavailabletoberentedtogetherwithallsortsof____(furnish)init.

49.ChineseNewYearisa(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.

50.In1984,thegovernmentissuednewpoliciestoencourageindividualstoplanttreesincontractedsandlands.Despitethe_________(oppose)ofhisfamily,Shiresignedfromhisleadershippositionatastate-ownedfarmandbeganhisfightagainstdesertification.

51.“Ihadtowaitforthestafftowritedownmyinformation,whichcausedmuchmore________(convenience)thanscanningcodes.”

52.TheMinistryofCultureandTourismwillcontinuetosupportHainanindeepeningreformandopeningup,supportHainan’saimtobecomeaninternationaltourismconsumptioncenter,andprovide_________(assistant)fortheconstructionofHainanFreeTradePort.

53.Researchersfoundthatthosewithstrong.closebondswiththeirfriendsatagefifteenweremorelikelytobehealthyandhappylater.Importantly,______(popular),definedaslotsofpeoplelikingyougenerallybutnotclosely,wasn'；tfoundtohavethesamebenefitasclosefriends.

54.Don'；tdothisinanobviouswaybecausethisisannoying，butdoitwithouthisawarenessofyour________(intend)．

55.Thegreatestistoexpecttoomuchtoosoon.Deeprelationshipstaketime.Anothermaindifficultyisthe____________(selfish)tothinkone“owns”theother，includinghistimeandattention.

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考点清单七、名词高频用法单句训练

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分层训练（一）高考真题

【即时训练】在空白处填1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

1.(2021•全国甲)Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand________(watchtower)totakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheirdailyroutines.

2.(2021•全国乙)________(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(远足)andaccommodationsaimtohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.

3.(2021•全国乙)Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecomeeducatedabouttheareas,…andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe__________(develop)ofthelocalareas.

4.(2021•新高考全国)Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe________(human)are.

5.(2021•浙江6月)In1844theyboughtitfor$1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir________(marry)ceremonyin1842.

6.(2021•浙江1月)Itiscalculatedbydividinga________(person)weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared,andaBMIofbetween19and25isconsideredhealthy.

7.(2020•全国I)Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular________(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山),moresothanthefamiliarnearside.

8.(2020•全国II)ChineseNewYearisa__________(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.

9.(2020•全国IIII)Filledwith_______(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.

10.(2019•全国I)InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa_______(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.

【答案】

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分层训练（二）模拟试题

【即时训练】在空白处填1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

1.（2022新高考I卷）TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate_____________(population)andhomesofgiantpandas,andeventuallyachieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.

2.（2022新高考II卷）Hesavedmy_____________(son)life,"；saidMrs.Brown."；Idon'；tknowhowtothankhim.”

3.（2022全国甲卷）CaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad,inordertopromoteenvironmental_____________(protect).

4.（2022全国乙卷）“AsamainpromoteroftheInternationalTeaDay,thebirthplaceofteaandthelargesttea-producingcountry,Chinahasa_____________(responsible)toworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.

5.（2022浙江1月卷）Cobb,forherparty,startedtoaskconferenceorganizerswhoinvitedhertospeakifshecoulddosoremotely；aboutthree-quartersofthetime,theyagreed.Whentheanswerwasno,shedeclinedthe_____________(invite).

6.(2017全国Ⅰ卷)Thistrendhashadsomeunintendedside_______(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease.

7.(2017全国Ⅱ卷)Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible________(crowd)ontheroads.

8.(2016全国I)Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop(attract).

9.(2019年全国Ⅲ卷)Whentheywerefreefromwork,theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting____________(compete)towatch,togetherwiththestorybehindit.

10.(2017全国Ⅱ卷)Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe_________(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.

【答案】

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分层训练（三）单句改错

【即时训练】下列各句均有一处错误，请指出并纠正。

1.(2021·全国甲)Manystudentssaytheywilltalktotheirfriendorclassmatesbecausethey’reofthesameageandcanunderstandeachother.

2.(2021·全国乙)Ialwaysassistmyparentsindoingthedishaftermeals.

3.(2020·全国I)NextIbroketheeggsintoabowlandbeatthemquicklywithchopstick.

4.(2020·全国II)Luckily,Iwillgohomeintwoweeksforsummervacations.

5.(2019·全国Ⅱ)SinceIwasakid,I’veconsidereddifferentjobIwouldliketodo.

6.(2019·全国Ⅲ)Iwishtohaveachainofcafesinmanydifferentcity.

7.(2018·全国Ⅰ)LastwinterwhenIwentthereagain,theyhadabigseparatehousetoraisedozensofchicken.

8.(2018·全国Ⅱ)Aftersupper,wewouldplaycardgamesofallsortinthesittingroom.

9.(2018全国II)WhenIwaslittle,Friday’snightwasourfamilygamenight.

10.(2018全国卷III)Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludeslearningfromtextbooks,andmistakeaswell.

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考点清单八、名词高频用法语篇训练

A

Overthepastfewdays,anumberofforestfires____36____(break)outinChongqinganditssurroundingareasduetotheextremelydryandhotweather.Manyrescuepersonnelandvolunteersparticipatedintherescueovernight,____37____movedalotofpeopleacrossthecountry.ThemountainfiresinseveralregionsinChongqinghavebeen____38____(eventual)putoutonFridaymorning.Nocasualtieshavebeenreported.

Chongqingmotorcyclistsarebeingpraised____39____heroesforvolunteeringtotransportmuch-neededsuppliestothefireandrescueworkers____40____(fight)thewildfirescausedbyprolongedheatanddroughtacrossmultipledistrictsinthemunicipality(自治市).

Facingthetoughsituation,thecitygovernmentcalledforvolunteerswithrelatedskillsandexperience____41____(join)thefirefighting,____42____alargenumberofmotorcyclistshaveplayedanimportantroleandwonwidespreadpraise.Theteammembers,with____43____averageageof29,tookturnstousefivedirtbikesandfourscooterstocarrymaterialsandequipmenttofirefightersandtotransportpeopleand____44____(necessary).

TheexampleofaforeignteacherwhovolunteeredtohelpfighttheragingwildfiresinChongqing’sBeibeidistrictwithotherlocalresidentshastouchedmany.

Whenallthepeople____45____(unite),peacewillreignacrossthecountry.

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B

ItisreportedthatanewsubwaystationinMoscowwithanumberofChinesedesignelementshasalreadybecomeanotherlandmarkforSino-Russianfriendshipand____41____(cooperate).Inotherwords,ChinaRailwayConstructionCorphascompletedtheconstructionoftheMichurinskyProspektStationinthesouthwestoftheRussiancapital,andithad____42____(official)openedbytheendoftheyear,2021.ThestationandtheothertwoonthesouthwestemsectionoftheMoscowMetrostandonthe____43____(three)transferlineofthecity'；ssubwaysystem.Thisroute,known____44____theGreatRingLine,wasalsobuiltbyCRCC,andwasthefirstEuropeansubwayproject____45____(design)byaChinesecompany.Toshowrespectfor____46____friendshipbetweenChinaandRussia,Chinese-styledesignshavebeenadoptedfortheplatformatthenewstation,includingcloud-shapedlamps,redpillarsandasuspendedceiling.Redisthedominantcoloroftheplatformdesign,____47____featuresplumblossomandtheEightImmortals-agroupofwell-known____48____(figure)inChinesefolkloreandTaoism.UptonowthephotosoftheChinese-stylesubwayplatform____49____(appear)onsocialmediaplatforms,andRussiansareeager____50____(see)thenewstationforthemselves.

C

神舟十四号乘组进入天舟五号货运飞船

BEIJING,Nov.13(Xinhua)--TheShenzhou-14crewenteredtheTianzhou-5cargocraftonSunday,accordingtotheChinaMannedSpaceAgency(CMSA),1alsosaidChinawilllaunchtheTianzhouserieseverysixmonthsinthefuture.

TheShenzhou-14crewwillcarryoutcargotransfersand2relatedworkasplanned.ChinalaunchedthecargospacecraftTianzhou-5onSaturdaytodeliversuppliesforthecountry'；sspacestation,theconstructionofwhichisexpected3(complete)thisyear.

ThecargospaceshipsystemisakeypartofChina'；sspacestation.Afterthespacestation4(form)aT-shapestructure,thecargoshipswillcontinuetheirtasksduringthespacestation'；soperation,providingsupportforastronauts,spacescienceexperiments5theoperationofthespacestation.

FromTianzhou-6,thecargoserieswillhavesystemupgrades,suchasa6(relative)largeimprovementofthecargocabinandasubstantialincreaseinthecargotransportcapacityof7sealedcabin,saidBaiMingsheng,chiefdesigneroftheTianzhoucargocraftfromtheChinaAcademyofSpaceTechnology.Henotedthatthesupplies8(deliver)tothespacestationwillbeabletosupporttheastronautsforalongertime.

TheLongMarch-7Y6rocket,9(carry)Tianzhou-5,blastedoffat10:03a.m.(BeijingTime)fromtheWenchangSpacecraftLaunchSiteinthesouthernislandprovinceofHainan.Abouttwohourslater,Tianzhou-510(conduct)afastautomatedrendezvousanddockingatthereardockingportofthespacestation'；scoremoduleTianhe.